关于哈希（散列）算法应用
密码学哈希函数（Cryptographic Hash Function） 是一种数学算法，能够将任意大小的数据映射到固定大小的字节串。它具备两大核心特征：单向性（不可逆）与雪崩效应（输入微小改动引发输出巨大变化）。
MD5 与 SHA-256 的区别与选型建议
由于理论碰撞攻击的存在，MD5 和 SHA-1 目前已不再建议用于密码存储或高安全级别的电子签名，但仍广泛应用于文件完整性校验与快速索引去重；现代安全系统普遍采用 SHA-256 或 SHA-512 作为核心安全散列基石。
About Cryptographic Hash Functions
A Cryptographic Hash Function is a mathematical algorithm that maps data of arbitrary size to a bit array of a fixed size. It has two foundational properties: One-way Pre-image Resistance (irreversible) and the Avalanche Effect (a tiny change in input drastically changes the resulting hash).
MD5 vs. SHA-256: Differences & Recommendations
Due to known collision vulnerabilities, MD5 and SHA-1 are no longer recommended for secure password storage or high-assurance digital signatures. However, they remain widely used for non-cryptographic file integrity verification and checksum deduplication. Modern secure architectures widely standardize on SHA-256 and SHA-512.